PART II
INVESTIGATION PROSECUTION
INVESTIGATION
7.1 The primary responsibility of Police is to protect life, liberty and property of citizens. It is for the protection of these rights that Criminal Justice System has been constituted assigning important responsibility to the Police. They have various of duties to perform, the most important among them being maintenance of Law and order and investigation of offences. The police are charged with the responsibility of protecting precious Human Rights of the citizens. Whenever there is invasion or threat of invasion of ones human rights it is to the police that the citizen rushes for help. Unfortunately the contribution of the police in this behalf is not realized and only the aberrations of the police are noticed, highlighted and criticized. The aberrations must be corrected and the police respected for the difficult role they play even at the cost of their lives in the process of protecting the rights of the citizens.
7.2 The manner in which police investigations are conducted is of critical importance to the functioning of the Criminal Justice System. Not only serious miscarriage of justice will result if the collection of evidence is vitiated by error or malpractice, but successful prosecution of the guilty depends on a thorough and careful search for truth and collection of evidence which is both admissible and probative. In undertaking this search, it is the duty of the police to investigate fairlyand thoroughly and collect all evidence, whether for or against the suspect. Protection of the society being the paramount consideration, the laws, procedures and police practices must be such as to ensure that the guilty are apprehended and punished with utmost dispatch and in the process the innocent are not harassed. The aim of the investigation and, in fact, the entire Criminal Justice System is to search for truth. To achieve this objective, the investigating officers must be properly trained and supervised and necessary scientific and logistical support should be made available to them.
7.3 The police perceive themselves psychologically and morally bound to do everything possible to curb crime and investigate the cases successfully to meet the peoples expectations. In this process the police often resort to short cut methods and exhibit negative traits of police sub-culture, namely, rudeness, use of third degree methods, defensiveness in face of criticism, lack of innovativeness etc.
7.4 Even though investigation is the foundation of the Criminal Justice System it is unfortunate that it is not trusted by the laws and the courts. Sections 161 and 162 of the Code provide that the statements of the witnesses examined during investigation are not admissible and that they can only be used by the defence to contradict the maker of the statement. The confession made by accused is also not admissible in evidence. The statements recorded at the earliest stage normally have greater probative value but cant be used in evidence. The observations of the courts in several criminal cases show that the Judges are reluctant to accept the testimony of police officers. Such is not the position in other countries. This is a historical legacy of the colonial rulers. It is common knowledge that police often use third degree methods during investigation. There are also allegations that in some cases they try to suppress truth and put forward falsehood before court for reasons such as corruption or extraneous influences political or otherwise. Unless the basic problem of strengthening the foundation is solved the guilty continue to escape conviction and sometimes even innocent persons may get implicated and punished. It is therefore necessary to address ourselves to the problems and strengthen the investigation agency.
7.5 CRIME: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
COGNIZABLE CRIMES REGISTERED DURING 1995-2000.
|
Year |
I.P.C. |
S.L.L. |
Total |
Ratio (IPC:SLL) |
|
1995 |
16,95,696 |
42,97,476 |
59,93,172 |
1:2.53 |
|
1996 |
17,09,576 |
45,86,986 |
62,96,562 |
1:2.68 |
|
1997 |
17,19,820 |
46,91,439 |
64,11,259 |
1:2.73 |
|
1998 |
17,78,815 |
44,03,288 |
61,82,103 |
1:2.47 |
|
1999 |
17,64,629 |
31,47,101 |
49,11,730 |
1:1.78 |
|
2000 |
17,71,084 |
33,96,666 |
51,67,750 |
1:1.92 |
Table 8
During the year 2000, in addition to 51,67,750 crimes registered by the police, the other investigating agencies under the Central and State Governments also registered 70,648 cognizable crimes.
7.5.1 From the above statistics, it would appear that IPC crimes, through on the increase from 1995 to 1998, showed a downward trend in 1999 and slight upward trend in 2000. The IPC crimes registered an increase of 0.4% in 2000 compared to 1999. SLL crimes, however, registered a much higher increase of 7.9% in the same period.
7.5.2 Of IPC crimes, violent crimes constituted 13.4%, property crimes, 20.6%, economic crimes, 3.2% and other IPC crimes, 62.1% in the year 2000. Violent crimes, which were about 8% in the 1950s and 1960s have almost doubled in last three decades. This is disturbing.
7.5.3 The crime rate i.e. incidence of crime per lac of population, is universally taken as a more realistic indicator since it balances the effect of growth in population. The crime rate of total cognizable crimes (i.e. IPC+SLL) was 515.7 in 1999. The crime rate of total cognizable crimes increased marginally by 3.6% in 2000 vis-à-vis 1999. The IPC crime rate in 2000 was 176.7 while it was 178.9 in 1999, thereby recording a decline of 1.2% during this period.
7.5.4 It may be noted that in 2000 at All India level, a total of 22,74,026 IPC cases including those pending from the previous years were pending investigation with the police. 17,92,896 cases i.e. 84% cases were disposed of during the year and 4,75,536 cases (i.e. 20.9%) remained pending. Broadly speaking, 4/5 of the cases were disposed of by the police and 1/5 remained pending. This is the pattern which obtains since last several years. As regards SLL cases, 93.7% were disposed of in 2000; investigation was denied in 0.8% cases and the remaining 5.5% remained pending at the end of the year.
7.6 DIFFICULTIES OF THE INVESTIGATING OFFICERS
7.6.1 The Committee has interacted with a cross-section of the police officers at all levels and in different States. The police officers have mentioned the following difficulties before the Committee in ensuring speedy, effective and fair investigation:
i. Excessive workload due to inadequacy of manpower and long working hours even on holidays and the absence of shift system;
ii. Non co-operative attitude of the public at large;
iii. Inadequacy of logistical and forensic back up support;
iv. Inadequacy of trained investigating personnel;
v. Inadequacy of the state-of-the-art training facilities in investigation, particularly in- service training;
vi. Lack of coordination with other sub-system of the Criminal Justice System in crime prevention, control and search for truth;
vii. Distrust of the laws and courts,
viii. Lack of laws to deal effectively the emerging areas of crime such as organised crime, money laundering etc.
ix. Misuse of bail and anticipatory bail provisions;
x. Directing police for other tasks which are not a part of police functions;
xi. Interrupting investigation work by being withdrawn for law and order duties in the midst of investigation.
xii. Political and executive interference;
xiii. Existing preventive laws being totally ineffective in curbing criminal tendencies of hardened criminals and recidivists.
7.7 QUALITY OF INVESTIGATION
7.7.1 The Committee is required to address itself primarily to the role of the Police in investigating crimes. The word investigation has been defined in section 2(b) of the Criminal Procedure Code as:
All the proceedings under the Code for the collection of evidence by a police officer or by any other person (other than a Magistrate) who is authorized by the Magistrate in this behalf.
7.7.2 Investigation is basically an art of unearthing the truth for the purpose of successful detection and prosecution. In the words of the Supreme Court (in
1) Proceeding to the spot;
2) Ascertainment of the facts and circumstances of the case;
3) Discovery and arrest of the suspected offender;
4) Collection of evidence relating to the commission of the offence which may consist of the examination of:
a) various persons (including accused) and the reduction of statements into writing, if the officer thinks fit;
b) the search of places and seizure of things considered necessary for the investigation and to be produced at the trial; and
5) Formation of the opinion as to whether on the materials collected, there is a case to place the accused before a Magistrate for trial and, if so, taking the necessary steps for the same for the filing of a charge sheet u/s 173 Cr.P.C.
7.7.3 The standard of police investigation in
7.7.4 The West
7.8 INADEQUACY OF STAFF
7.8.1 In the first place, there is inadequacy of the investigating staff. The police officers are hard pressed for time with multifarious commitments and, thus, not able to devote adequate time for investigational work. A sample survey done at the instance of the National Police Commission (Fourth Report of the National Police Commission-page 3) in six States of the country revealed that on an average, the investigating officer is able to devote only 27% of his time on investigational work, while the rest of the time is taken by other duties connected with the maintenance of law and order, VIP bandobust, petition enquiries, court attendance, collection of intelligence and other administrative work. The Committee on Internal Security constituted by the group of Ministers (GOI) in the wake of Kargil conflict in 2000 was informed by the DGP, Uttar Pradesh, of the startling fact that the police could devote only 13% of its time on investigations. Similarly, a random survey done at the instance of Second West Bengal Police Commission revealed that a Sub-Inspector of an urban police station in West Bengal, on an average, spent 20-25% of his time on investigational work; a Sub- Inspector in Calcutta City spent about 41% his time on it and a Sub Inspector in rural areas spent 16 to 18% of time in investigative work due to long distances involved. Inadequate number of I.Os. coupled with low percentage of their time being devoted to investigational work, resulting in perfunctory and delayed investigations, paved way for the acquittal of the accused.
7.8.2 An investigating officer on an average, investigates 45 cases in a year. There is, however, a wide variation amongst States, with the workload of IO ranging from a low of 12.7 cases in Orissa to a high of 145.3 cases in Andhra Pradesh. The National Police Commission had suggested a workload of 60 cases per IO. Given the heavy commitment of police officers in law and order, VIP security and other Bandobast duties, there is need for fixing a more realistic norm. It may be apt to add that the prevailing norms regarding workload of 10 in the CBI are two cases per year in the Central Units and 4 cases per year in the Territorial Units. The Committee has interacted with police officers at the highest level as well as at the executive level. It has also discussed relevant issues with SHOs and there immediate supervisory officers and seen their work regarding investigation in some States. On the basis of observations and interaction, the Committee is of the opinion that for improving quality of investigation, the workload of an IO (or a team of IOs) should not exceed 10 cases per year. This norm is suggested for investigation of serious crimes.
7.9 SEPARATION OF INVESTIGATION WING FROM LAW & ORDER WING
7.9.1 As of now, the police have a combined cadre of Officers and men who perform both investigational and law and order duties, resulting in lack of perseverance and specialisation in investigations, especially of the serious cases. It needs to be emphasised that the duties of the police as prescribed in section 23 of the Indian Police Act, 1861, have become totally out-dated. Much water has flown down the
7.9.2 The need for expeditious and effective investigation of offences as contributing to the achievement of the goal of speedy trial cannot be gain said. The investigation of crime is a highly specialised task requiring a lot of patience, expertise, training and clarity about the legal position of the specific offences and subject matter of investigation. It is basically an art of unearthing hidden facts with the purpose of linking up of different pieces of evidence for successful prosecution. The Committee is of the view that investigation requires specialisation and professionalism of a type not yet fully achieved by the police agencies.
7.9.3 The National Police Commission by a sample survey in six States in different parts of the country found that an average IO was able to devote only 30% of his time to investigational work while the rest of the time was taken in other duties. The National Police Commission stopped short of categorically recommending separation of the investigation wing from the law and order wing but recommended restructuring of the police hierarchy for increasing the cadre of IOs.
7.9.4 The Law Commission of
i) it will bring the investigating agencies under the protection of judiciary and greatly reduce the possibility of political or extraneous influences;
ii) efficient investigation of cases will reduce the possibility of unjustified and unwarranted prosecutions;
iii) it will result in speedier investigation which would entail speedier disposal of cases;
iv) separation will increase the expertise of the investigating officers;
v) the investigating police would be plain clothes men and they would be able to develop good rapport with the public;
vi) not having been involved in law and order duties entailing the use of force, they would not provoke public anger and hatred which stand in the way of public police cooperation in tracking down crime and criminals and getting information, assistance and intelligence from the public.
7.9.5 The Committee on Police Reforms constituted by the Government of India under the chairmanship of Sri K. Padmanabhaiah also recommended separation of investigation from the law and order wing.
We feel that the long standing arguments whether crime and law and order should be separated should be ended once and for all. Most police officers are agreed that they should be separated but feel that the separation may not be practical. We are of the view that such a separation should be made in urban areas in all States as a beginning.Separation of crime from law and order will lead to greater professionalism and specialisation and will definitely improve the quality of investigation. In UP, this separation has already been put into effect in municipal and bigger towns from April, 2000.
7.9.6 It has been brought to our notice that separation in the two wings has already
been effected in certain large cities in the country. In Chennai Police Commissioners office, there are separate police stations for Law and Order and crime. The Crime Police Stations in Chennai register and investigate cases relating to property offences. The rest of the offences are handled by the Law & Order PSs. There are separate Assistant Commissioner of Police to supervise the work of respective police stations. The work of both types of PSs in coordinated by the territorial Dy. Commissioner of Police. In other urban areas, in the State, the above system prevails. The rural PSs, however, work in a traditional system.
7.9.7 The Tamil Nadu pattern is being followed in Andhra Pradesh also. In cities/big towns, namely,
7.9.8 We have given a serious thought to the matter and are of the view that all serious crimes, say sessions triable cases, and certain other classes of cases are placed in the domain for the Crime Police and the remaining crimes including crimes under most of the Special and Local laws are handled by the Law and Order Police. The Committee strongly feels that:
(i) The staff in all stations in urban areas should be divided as Crime Police and Law and Order Police. The strength will depend upon the crime & other problems in the PS area.
(ii) In addition to the officer in-charge of the police station, the officer in-charge of the Crime Police should also have the powers of the officer in-charge of the police station.
(iii) The investigating officers in the Crime Police should be at the least of the rank of ASI and must be graduates, preferably with a law degree, with 5 years experience of police work.
(iv) The category of cases to be investigated by each of the two wings shall be notified by the State DGP.
(v) The Law & Order police will report to the Circle officers/SDPO. Detective constables should be selected, trained and authorised to investigate minor offences. This will be a good training ground for them when they ultimately move to the crime police.
(vi) A post of additional SP (Crimes) shall be created in each district. He shall have crime teams functioning directly under him. He will carry out investigations into grave crimes and those having inter district or inter state ramifications. He shall also supervise the functioning of the Crime Police in the district.
(vii) There shall be another Additional SP (Crime) in the district who will be responsible for (a) collection and dissemination of criminal intelligence; (b) maintenance and analysis of crime data:
(c) investigation of important cases; (d) help the Crime Police by providing logistic support in the form of Forensic and other specialists and equipment. Investigations could also be entrusted to him by the District SP.
(viii) Each state shall have an IG in the State Crime Branch exclusively to supervise the functioning of the Crime Police. He should have specialised squads working under his command to take up cases having inter District. & and inter-state ramifications. These could be (a) cyber crime squad; (b) anti terrorist squad; (c) organized crime squad; (d) homicide squad; (e) economic offences squad; (f) kidnapping squad (g) automobile theft squad; (h) burglary squad etc. He will also be responsible for (a) collection and dissemination of criminal intelligence (b) maintenance and analysis of crime data (c) co-ordination with other agencies concerned with investigation of cases.
7.10 INVESTIGATION BY A TEAM
7.10.1 It has come to the notice of the Committee that investigations of even grave and sensational crimes having inter-State and even trans- national ramifications are being conducted by a single IO. The Committee feels that by virtue of the nature of such cases, application of a single mind is not enough to respond to the modern needs of the art and science of investigation may it be inspection of site, picking of the clues and developing them and handling of other multidimensional related matters.
7.10.2 The investigation of all such crimes needs to be conducted by a team of officers, the size and level of the team depending on the dimensions of the case, with the senior most officer working as the leader of the team. This would ensure continuity between investigative efforts as also proper appraisal of evidence and application of law thereto. It will also avert or minimise the scope of misuse of discrimination by the police and ensure greater transparency in the investigations. Integrity of the team, needless to mention would obviously be higher.
7.11 LEVEL OF THE INVESTIGATING OFFICER
7.11.1 It may be apt to point out that the rank of the IO investigating a case also has a bearing on the quality of investigation. The minimum rank of an SHO in the country is SI. However, some of the important police stations are headed by the officers of the rank of Inspector. It has been observed that investigations are mostly handled by lower level officers, namely, HC and ASI etc.. The senior officers of the police stations, particularly the SHOs generally do not conduct any investigations themselves. This results in deterioration of quality of investigations.
7.11.2 While no hard and fast rule can be laid down as to the rank of the IO for a particular type of case, the Committee, however, recommends that, as far as possible, all Sessions triable cases registered in the police stations should be investigated by the senior most police officers posted there, be they SIs or Inspectors. This has obvious advantages as they will be able to do a better job because of their superior intelligence, acumen and experience and control over the resources.
7.12 INSULARITY AND INTEGRITY OF THE INVESTIGATING AGENCY
7.12.1 Another important aspect impacting on the quality of investigation is the insularity of the investigating officers and the supervisory ranks. For fair and impartial investigation, it is imperative that the investigating machinery is immune from political and other extra influences and acts in consonance with the law of the land and the Constitution. It has, however, been observed that the people in authority think nothing of wielding influence to scuttle and, even thwart, criminal investigations or to bend them to suit their political or personal conveniences. What is worse is that in certain States, the Desires System in the posting of District and
7.12.2 It is strongly felt that the investigating officers should have the requisite independence responsible to act according to law and the constitution. Mere change of mind set would not suffice unless appropriate legal backing is provided in this regard.
7.12.3 Integrity of the I.O has a vital bearing on the integrity of the investigation conducted by him. The misconduct of the IOs has often been overlooked due to misplaced and misconceived service loyalties. The Committee feels that the Dist. Supdts. Of Police, Range Dy.IGs and the DGPs must ensure that the IOs function wit utmost integrity and bad elements amongst them are identified and excluded from investigative process. This would necessitate strengthening of the Police Vigilance set-ups at the State level and constitution of a similar mechanism at the Range/District. level.
7.13 Placement Policy of Investigating Staff
7.13.1 Another related aspect is frequent transfer of cases from one IO to another and from District. Police to the Range Office or the State Crime Branch due to extraneous considerations. This practice not only demoralizes the initial investigating officer or agency but also cools the trail of investigation and renders immunity to the criminals, at least temporarily, from penal consequences.
7.13.2 The Committee is of the opinion that:
a) The National Security Commission at the national level and the State Security Commissions at the State level should be constituted, as recommended by the National Police Commission. Constitution of the aforesaid Commissions would give an element of insularity to the police forces in the country and invoke faith and trust of the people in its functioning.
b) Police Establishment Boards consisting of DGP and 3 to 4 other senior police officers should be set up at the Police Headquarters in each State. Posting, transfer and promotions etc. of District. level officers should be made on the recommendation of such Boards, with the proviso that the Government may differ with the recommendations of such Boards for reasons to be recorded in writing.
c) No case should ordinarily be transferred from one 10 to another or from District. Police to the Range office or the State Crime Branch by the competent authority unless there are very compelling and cogent reasons for doing so and such reasons should be recorded in writing by the concerned authority.
d) The superintendence of the Police in the State vests in the State Govt. As there are allegations, not always unfounded, of misuse of this power for extraneous considerations, it would be desirable to delimit the ambit and scope
there of by adding an explanation underneath section 4 of the Indian Police Act, as recommended by the NPC, to the following effect:
Explanation: The power of superintendence shall be limited to the purpose of ensuring that the police performance is in strict accordance with law.
7.13.3 Understandably format of a new Police Act is already under consideration of the Govt. of India. We feel that this exercise should be completed without loss of any time.
7.14 SUPERVISION
7.14.1 Another important reason for the decline in the quality of investigation is lack of effective and timely supervision by the senior officers. There is a hierarchy of officers above the SHO who are empowered to monitor and guide the investigations in terms of section 36 Cr.P.C., namely, Deputy SP, Additional SP, Superintendent of Police and even the Range DIG. But most of them do not devote adequate time and energy to supervisory work. This has been affirmed in a study conducted by the BPRD in respect of murder cases of
7.14.2 Further, it has to be pointed out in view of our fractured polity and social dissonances, it has now become a regular feature to embellish the FIRs and statements, giving incorrect facts and circumstances, with the objective of roping in innocent persons for political reasons or to settle personal scores. This happens even in grave offences like murder and rape etc. Witnesses and victims even make false statements before the Magistrates u/s 164 Cr.P.C. It is, therefore, the duty of the supervisory officers to properly guide the investigations right from the beginning so as to ensure that innocent persons are exculpated and the real guilty ones brought to justice. It is easier said than done. It needs hard work, professional expertise, and to top it all, moral courage to call a spade a spade, unmindful of the parties and pressure groups involved. The I.O alone, lowly in rank, cannot do it; he needs professional and moral support of his seniors, which, unfortunately, is missing either due to professional inaptitude or political compulsions.
7.14.3 The Committee feels that the quality of investigations would not improve unless the supervisory ranks in the police hierarchy i.e. Circle Officers/ District. Supdt. of Police/Range Dy.IGP, pay adequate attention to the thorough and timely supervision over the progress of individual investigations. The National Police Commission in para 27.35 of its 4 report observed that effective supervision of an investigation would call for:
(i) Test visit to the scene of crime;
(ii) A cross check with the complainant and a few important witnesses to ensure that their version has been correctly brought on police record and that whatever clues they had in view have been pursued by the police;
(iii) Periodic discussion with the investigating officers to ensure continuity of his attention to the case; and
(iv) Identification of similar features noticed in other cases reported elsewhere, and coordinated direction of investigation of all such cases.
7.14.4 Needless to say, supervision ensures proper direction, coordination and control and this helps efficiency. Effective supervision by the District. Supdts. of Police and Circle Officers also reduces the utilisation of opportunities and misuse of coercive powers vested in the officers from the SHO down to the constabulary, to the minimum. If the supervision of the District. SP and the CO is lax and ineffective, it is bound to breed inefficiency and corruption in the force. The efficiency and honesty of the force depends largely in the manner in which superior officers discharge their responsibilities through example and precept. Thus, close and constant supervision by senior officers over the work of subordinate officers is absolutely essential. Close supervision of individual investigations is also essential to check the canker of corruption.
7.14.5 Some of the areas in which Supervisory Officers can play a vital role are enumerated below:
i. Crimes are freely registered.
ii. Crimes are registered under the appropriate sections without minimizing the occurrence for the sake of statistics;
iii. There is no minimization or lessening of the value of property in order to reduce supposed police responsibility;
iv. Complaint, if made orally, is recorded at once carefully and accurately in plain and simple language by the senior most officer present in the police station or by someone to his dictation without omitting any of the important and relevant details.
v. There is no interpolation while writing complaints and if any fact is omitted, it is written afresh at the bottom, and if anything is scored out, it is done neatly with initials and date and in such a manner that it could be read;
vi. If investigation is refused u/s 157(1)(b), it is done on proper grounds;
vii. The investigation in all cases is prompt, thorough and sustained;
viii. Final reports are submitted without delay and charge-sheets are accompanied by complete evidence that is to be led at the trial;
ix. Cases are not routinely closed as false unless there are reasons to do so and in case it is decided to close the case, steps are taken to prosecute the accused u/s 182 or 211 IPC;
x. After the case has gone to the Court, its progress is watched and it is ensured that the witnesses, including the investigating police officers, attend the Court on the due dates and depose properly and that the Public Prosecutors perform their duties competently;
xi. They should coordinate with the neighboring police stations or neighboring Districts. and even States in investigation of Inter District or Inter-State crimes;
xii. Investigation is kept on the right track and no extraneous influences and political and otherwise are allowed to influence it;
xiii. Investigations are conducted in an honest and transparent manner;
xiv. Scientific aids to investigation are optimally utilized in investigations and that FSL experts are taken to the spot in specified crimes for preservation and collection of evidence.
xv. Articles/exhibits seized in investigation are sent to the FSL for expert opinion and that such opinion is promptly obtained and cited as evidence alongwith the charge sheet.
xvi. The Medico Legal Reports are obtained from the experts quickly so as to reach a fair and just conclusion in a case;
xvii. Case diaries are properly maintained as per law and entries in the General Diary;
xviii. The power of arrest is not abused or misused;
xix. The human rights of the accused are protected;
xx. The witnesses coming to the police station are not made to wait for long hours and they are disposed of as promptly as possible;
xxi. Third degree methods are avoided in the investigation;
xxii. The inbuilt system of timely submission of case diaries etc. to supervisory officers is reinforced and investigations completed expeditiously.
7.14.6 The mandate of the supervisory officers enumerated above is only illustrative and not exhaustive. In cases of grave crimes, supervisory officers have to coordinate with other Districts and other States police forces and may when necessary undertake tours to places outside their jurisdictions. Given the present crime scenario, the supervisory officers must, lend a helping hand to because of their superior caliber, better mobility and superior contacts.
7.14.7 The Circle Officers should be left alone to concentrate on their primary job of supervision, and investigations generally, should be conducted by the Inspectors, Sub-Inspectors and AS! etc. posted in the police stations. Nonetheless, both the
7.15 INADEQUATE TRAINING
7.15.1 Crime investigations is a specialized work where the I.Os can perform their duties properly only when they are properly trained and possess necessary skills and expertise. There is, thus, great need to develop and sharpen investigative skills of the officers through regular training programmes at the induction stage and periodical in-service training courses. These are two main problems in this regard: lack of training institutions, let alone state-of-the-art institutions; and more importantly, lack of willing trainers. Presently, there are three Central Detective Training Schools at
7.15.2 The Committee is of the view that:
1) Adequate number of Training Institutions should be set up by the State Governments as also by the Central Government for initial training of various ranks of the police personnel as also for in-service training. These instructions should focus on:
(i) Protection of scene of crime;
(ii) Collection of physical evidence there from with the help of experts, including forensic experts;
(iii) Inculcating the art of interrogation of suspects and witness;
(iv) Developing the art of collection, collation and dissemination of criminal Intelligence;
(v) Developing and handling informers etc.
2) The trainers should be handpicked by a Committee constituted by the DGP and
officers having professional skills and aptitude alone should
be inducted in the Training Institutions. They need to be given
adequate monetary incentive and a fixed tenure, say of three
years. The old system of 30% of the basic pay to the trainers
may be revived.
3) Facilities should be developed for imparting training in modern disciplines such as Forensic Accounting, Information Technology, Cyber Crime, Economic and Organised Crimes etc.
7.16 COMPREHENSIVE USE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE FROM THE INCEPTION
7.16.1 It can hardly be gainsaid that the application of forensic science to crime investigation must commence from the stage of the very first visit by the IO to the crime scene so that all relevant physical clues, including trace evidence, which would eventually afford forensic science examination, are appropriately identified and collected. This can best be done if the IO is accompanied to the crime scene by an appropriately trained scientific hand. The standard practice in most of the advanced countries is to provide such scientific hands, variously designated as Field Criminalists, Scene of Crime Officers (SOCO), Police Scientists etc., in the permanent strength of each police station. In some cases, these personnel are drawn from scientific cadre, while in some others, they are policemen themselves, specially selected for their flair for scientific work and their academic background of science subjects. These personnel are then provided indepth training in crime scene management and in the identification of different types of scientific clues to be looked for in different types of crimes.
7.16.2 The present level of application of forensic science in crime investigation is some-what low in the country, with only 5-6% of the registered crime cases being referred to the FSLs and Finger Print Bureau put together. There is urgent need to bring about quantum improvement in the situation, more so when the conviction rate is consistently falling over the years in the country and the forensic evidence, being clinching in nature, can reverse the trend to some extent.
7.16.3 There are only 23 Central Forensic Science Laboratories /Forensic Science
Laboratories and about 17 Regional Laboratories in the country. On the other hand,
7.16.4 It may be added that a National Seminar on Forensic Science; Its Use and Application in Investigation and Prosecution; was organised by this Committee and the Bureau of Police Research and Development at
(1) Police Manuals and Standing Orders of different States/Union Territories need to be amended to make the use of Forensic Science mandatory, as far as practicable, in investigation of all grave and important crimes such as those involving violence against the persons, sexual offences, dacoity, robbery, burglary, terrorists crimes, arson, narcotics, poisons, crimes involving fire-arms, fraud and forgery and computer crimes.
(2) Police Manuals and Standing Orders should mandate the supervisory officers to carefully monitor and scrutinize, if or not the IOs have exploited the possibility of the use of forensic science in the investigation of each crime right from the threshold of investigation.
(3) The State Governments should immediately create appropriate forensic science facilities in each District. This should include one or more Mobile Forensic Science Units, depending on the size of the District, the incidence of crime, terrain and communication conditions in each District. Each unit should have a Forensic Expert, a Finger Print Expert, a Photographer and a Videographer. The job of these mobile units would be not only to identify, collect and preserve the evidence but also to tender necessary opinion, on the spot, to the IO, if scientifically feasible.
(4) Each police station should be provided with a set of Scientific Investigation Kits for identification and lifting of scientific clues from the crime scene.
(5) Arrangement should also be made to create proper facilities for packaging, storage and preservation of scientific clue material collected from the crime scene or suspects, to ensure their protection against contamination, degradation or damage at the police station or in the District Headquarters. Standard material for packaging and preserving scientific evidence should be supplied for this purpose from time to time by the State FSLs.
(6) Appropriate number of Regional FSLs at the headquarters of each
(7) The Central and State FSLs are facing acute shortage of men power. According to a study conducted by NICFS, the vacancies in the FSLs range from 17 to 71% of the sanctioned posts of scientists. The Governments concerned should take appropriate steps to fill up these vacancies. Further, the sanctioned strength itself is pegged at far below the yardsticks formulated by BPR&D. The States must, therefore, revise the sanctioned strength of their respective FSLs in the light of the BPR&D guidelines.
(8) There are virtually no facilities for training of Forensic Scientists in the country and they mostly learn on the job. It must be noted that a trained scientist is far more productive than several untrained or semi trained hands. We, therefore, recommend that NICFS should take upon its shoulders the responsibility of imparting professional training to the scientific personnel. We also recommend that NICFS must expand and strengthen its core facilities in emerging areas such as forensic DNA, Forensic Explosives and Computer Forensics etc.
(9) The Finger Print Bureaux in the country are generally undermanned and are storing and analyzing data manually. The analysis and retrieval, therefore, takes a long time and the storage capacity is also limited. We, therefore, recommend that modern electronic gazettes must be used in collection, storage, analysis and retrieval of finger print related data.
(10) Most of the FSLs suffer from financial crunch. The budgetary position of the FSLs should be reviewed and sufficient funds should be made available to them.
(11) A mandatory time limit should be prescribed for submission of reports to the police/Courts by the FSLs.
(12) A national body on the pattern of Indian Council of Medical Research should be constituted in the country to prescribe testing norms for the FSLs and ethical standards for the forensic scientists.
(13) Forensic Science, unfortunately, has not assumed the status of an academic discipline in
(14) A polygraph machine for lie detector test should be provided in each district. The regular use will obviate the need for extra legal methods of interrogation.
7.17 MEDICO LEGAL SERVICES
7.17.1 The Medico Legal Services play an equally important role in the investigation of crime and prosecution thereof. The state of Medico Legal Services in the country is far from satisfactory. One of the main contributory factors for this is that the entire apparatus of the Medico Legal Services is administratively controlled by the Department of Health under the State Governments who are not concerned with the police or with the Criminal Justice System. Even, the Forensic Medicine Departments attached to the Medical Colleges are in a poor and neglected state. The Doctors doing Medico Legal work i.e. conducting postmortems of dead bodies and preparing Injury Reports etc. are also a dispirited lot and in a poor state of morale. They feel forsaken by their parent departments and not owned up by the Police departments for which they seemingly work. Keeping in view the prevailing scenario, the Committee recommends that:
(i) On the pattern of Tamilnadu, a Medico Legal Advisory Committee should be set up in each State under the Senior Most Medico Legal Functionary/Professor of Forensic Medicine/Police Surgeon, with at-least two Board members, including one from the State FSL. One of the main tasks of this Committee would be to resolve the differences of opinion between the Medico Legal Professionals and the Forensic Experts.
(ii) The condition of mortuaries is dismal all over the country. Appropriate mortuary rooms with adequate infrastructure and equipment should be made available to each
(iii) At places where there are no
(iv) The State Government must prescribe time-frame for submission of Medico Legal reports. We recommend the following time frame:
a) Injury Report : 6 hours;
b) Postmortem Report : 24 hours
(v) There has been a tendency on the part of some Medico Legal experts to reserve their opinion as to the cause of death etc., pending receipt of the reports of FSLs on toxicological examination even in cases where it is possible for them to give a definite opinion about the cause of death. This tendency should be eschewed.
7.18 DELAYED SUBMISSION OF EXPERT REPORTS
The report of FSL experts and Medical Jurists play a seminal role both at the investigation stage and at the trial stage in the determination of facts. The police and the court complain that these reports are not being submitted in time by the experts concerned. The delay hampers the investigations and delays trials. Certain State Governments have laid down the time frame for submission of reports by the experts but these norms are not being adhered to partly due to inadvertence and partly due to over-loading of these institutions.
7.19 REGISTRATION OF CASES
7.19.1 According to the section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the officer incharge of a police station is mandated to register every information oral or written relating to the commission of a cognizable offence. Non registration of cases is a serious complaint against the police. The National Police Commission in its 4th report lamented that the police evade registering cases for taking up investigation where specific complaints are lodged at the police stations. It referred to a study conducted by the Indian Institute of Public Opinion,
7.19.2 The Committee recommends that all complaints should be registered promptly; failing which appropriate action should be taken. This would necessitate change in the mind-set of the political executive and that of senior officers.
7.19.3 There is yet another aspect that needs consideration. Section 154 Cr.P.C. provides that it is the officer in-charge who will register a case relating to commission of a cognizable offence. The SHO are often busy in investigational and law and order duties and are also on tours in connection with court appearances etc. In their absence from the police stations, the informants are made to wait till their return. it causes avoidable harassment to the informant and also results in the disappearance of evidence. We, therefore, recommend that the State Govts./DGPs must issue firm instructions to the field formations to the effect that a case shall be registered by the SHO of the police station if he is present at the police station and in his absence by the senior most police officer available at the station, irrespective of his rank.
7.19.4 There are two more aspects relating to registration. The first is minimization of offences by the police by way of not invoking appropriate sections of law. We disapprove of this tendency. Appropriate sections of law should be invoked in each case unmindful of the gravity of offences involved. The second issue is relating to the registration of written complaints. There is an increasing tendency amongst the police station officers to advise the informants, who come to give oral complaints, to bring written complaints. This is wrong. Registration is delayed resulting in valuable loss of time in launching the investigation and apprehension of criminals. Besides, the complainant gets an opportunity to consult his friends, relatives and, sometimes, even lawyers and often tends to exaggerate the crime and implicate innocent persons. This eventually has adverse effect at the trial. The information should be reduced in writing by the SHO, if given orally, without any loss of time so that the first version of the alleged crime comes on record.
7.20 INVESTIGATION OF COGNIZABLE AND NON–COGNIZABLE OFFENCES
7.20.1 Section 2(c) of the Code defines Cognizable Offence and
Cognizable case as follows: –
Cognizable Offence means an offence means an offence for which, and Cognizable case means a case in which, a police officer may, in accordance with the First Schedule or under any other law for the time being in force, arrest without warrant.
7.20.2 It says that those offences which are specified in the schedule to the Code in which police officer can arrest without warrant are cognizable offences. But when we look at the Schedule we find that there is no enumeration of offences where police officer can arrest without warrant. This is a patent anomaly. However the Schedule specifies the offences which are cognizable and which are not. It also gives information about punishment for each offence, whether the offence is bailable or non-bailable, and the name of the court where the offence can be tried.
7.20.3 The question for examination is as to whether the distinction between cognizable and non-cognizable offences is conducive to satisfactory dispensation of criminal justice.
7.20.4 Offence as defined in Section 2 (n) means:-
Any act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force and includes any act in respect of which a complaint may be made under Section 20 of the Cattle Trespass Act, 1871 (1 of 1871).
7.20.5 Whenever any offence is committed it results in the invasion of the rights of the citizen and the victim is entitled to complain about such invasion. In this connection the
Code makes a distinction between cognizable and non-cognizable offences. Cognizable offences are by and large serious in nature.
7.20.6 Section 154 provides that any information received in the police station in respect of a cognizable offence shall be reduced into writing, got signed by the informant and entered in the concerned register. Section 156(1) requires the concerned officer to investigate the facts and circumstances of such a case without any order from the Magistrate in this behalf. If Magistrate receives information about commission of a cognizable offence he can order an investigation. In such cases citizen is spared the trouble and expense of investigating and prosecuting the case.
7.20.7 However, the position is different so far as non-cognizable offences are concerned. They are regulated by Section 155 of the Code. When a citizen goes to the concerned police station complaining about commission of a noncognizable offence the police officer is required to enter the substance of the information in the relevant register and refer the informant to the Magistrate. Subsection 2 of Section 155 says that the police officer shall not investigate such a case without the order of the Magistrate. In such cases the citizen is forced to approach the Magistrate to file his complaint. The Magistrate will examine the complainant and the witnesses present and decide whether there is sufficient ground for proceeding further. The burden of adducing evidence during trial is on the accused.
7.20.8 The offences that are non-cognizable include Public servants disobeying law to cause injury to any person; bribery during election; giving or fabricating false evidence; escape from confinement; offences relating to weights and measures; some offence affecting public health, safety, convenience and morals; causing miscarriage; causing heart; buying or disposing of any person as a slave; rape of wife under 12 years; dishonest misappropriation; cheating; mischief; forgery; making or using documents resembling currency notes or bank notes; offences relating to marriage; criminal intimidation; causing annoyance in a state of intoxication in a public place etc. These are some of the offences which seriously affect the citizens. Some of them carry imprisonment from a few months to imprisonment for life. Offence under Section 194 I.P.C carries death sentence. Quantum of punishment prescribed indicates the seriousness of the crime and its adverse affect on society. But even such serious offences adverted above are noncognizable. There is no good reason why such offences should not be investigated without the order of the Magistrate.
7.20.9 The object of the penal law is to protect life, liberty and property of the citizen. All citizens who are victims of crimes punishable under the Indian Penal Code are entitled to be treated fairly, reasonably and equally. By categorizing large number of offences as non-cognizable, unreasonable burden has been placed on the citizens by requiring them to investigate the case, collect evidence and produce them before the Magistrate. The citizen would be also obliged to engage a lawyer to conduct his case as he may not be familiar with court procedures. Sometimes witnesses will not be willing to co-operate with the complainant. The complainant would be required to spend a lot of time to investigate. This is not easy for a private citizen who has no training in investigation. Thus a heavy burden, financial and otherwise is placed on the victims of non-cognizable offences.
7.20.10 A common citizen is not aware of this artificial distinction between
cognizable and non-cognizable offences. There is a general feeling that if any
one is a victim of an offence the place he has to go for relief is the police
station. It is very unreasonable and awkward if the police were to tell him that it
is a non-cognizable offence and therefore he should approach the Magistrate as
he cannot entertain such a complaint.
7.20.11 It has come to the notice of the Committee that even in cognizable cases quite often the Police Officers do not entertain the complaint and send the complainant away saying that the offence is not cognizable. Sometimes the police twist facts to bring the case within the cognizable category even though it is non-cognizable, due to political or other pressures or corruption. This menace can be stopped by making it obligatory on the police officer to register every complaint received by him. Breach of this duty should become an offence punishable in law to prevent misuse of the power by the police officer.
7.20.12 The present classification of offences as cognizable and noncognizable on the basis of the power to arrest with or without order of the Magistrate is not based on sound rational criteria. Whether in respect of any offence arrest should be made with or without the order of the Magistrate must be determined by relevant criteria, such as the need to take the accused immediately under custody or to prevent him from tampering with evidence, or from absconding or the seriousness of the crime, and its impact on the society and victim etc.
7.20.13 Because of the burden placed on investigating and producing evidence large number of victims of non-cognizable offences do not file complaints. They stand deprived and discriminated. This is one of the reasons for the citizens losing faith and confidence in the Criminal Justice System. As justice is the right of every citizen it is not fair to deny access to justice to a large section of citizens by classifying certain offences as non-cognizable. Law should provide free and equal access to all victims of crimes. This can be done by removing the distinction between cognizable and non-cognizable offences for the purpose of investigation of cases by the Police Officer.
7.20.14 Considerable time of court is now being spent in dealing with registration of complaints regarding non-cognizable offences. The time saved can be utilized for dealing with other judicial work.
7.20.15 This may contribute to more aggrieved persons filing complaints thereby increasing the work-load of the police. As the state has the primary duty to maintain law and order, this cannot be a good reason against the proposed reform.
7.20.16 Another apprehension is that this may encourage false and frivolous complaints. An experienced police officer will not find it difficult to summarily dispose of such frivolous complaints without undue waste of time.
7.21 REGISTRATION OF FALSE CASES
7.21.1 According to crime in
7.21.2 The Committee recommends that institution of a false case either with the police or with a Court must be made an offence punishable with imprisonment which may extend to 2 years.
7.22 CRIME SCÈNE VISITATION:
7.22.1 Investigation involves several stages and the crime scene visitation is one of the most important of them, excluding perhaps, white-collar crimes. Recognizing this need, the Police Manuals in most of the States have mandated immediate despatch of an officer to the scene of crime for inspecting it, preserving the evidence and preparing the site plan etc. Such inspection of scene crimes should be done by a team consisting of forensic scientist, finger print experts, crime photographer, legal advisor etc. and not just by a single investigating officer.
7.22.2 In the National Seminar on Forensic Science: Use and Application in Investigation and Prosecution held on 27 July, 2002, at Hyderabad held under the auspicious of this Committee, in which Judges, senior police officers, senior forensic scientists and Medical Jurists had participated, the forensic scientists lamented that their services were not being utilized for crime scene visitation as a result of which valuable forensic evidence is being lost.
7.22.3 In this context, the Committee is of the opinion that:
i) The scene of crime must be visited by the investigating officer with utmost dispatch;
ii) The IO must photograph/videograph the scene of crime from all possible angles or get it done by an expert;
iii) He should preserve the scene of crime so that no evidence is lost due to disturbance by the inmates of house or curious onlookers, including VIPs;
iv) The Investigating Officer should either prepare the sketch or plan of the scene of crime himself or get it done by a Patwari or an expert, if deemed fit;
v) The investigating officer should take along-with him a Forensic Scientist and Finger Print Expert or any expert of the relevant discipline to collect physical evidence from the scene of crime. If it is, somehow, not possible due to exigencies of the situation, the Investigating Officer should preserve the scene of crime and immediately requisition the services of forensic experts for the above purpose.
7.23 RECORDING OF STATEMENTS OF WITNESSES SECTION 161 & 162 OF THE CODE
7.23.1 Section 161 deals with examination of witnesses by the police during investigation and Section 162 provides that statements of witnesses recorded by the police shall not be required to be signed by the witnesses and further that such statement can be used by the accused and with the permission of the court only for the purpose of contradicting the witness in accordance with Section 145 of the Evidence Act. In other words such statement cannot be used as a previous statement for the purpose of corroborating the maker. This flows from the distrust of the police about their credibility. Several measures have been recommended in this report to remove that distrust and to ensure credibility of the police. These measures include among others, separation of the investigation wing from the law and order wing, insulating it from political and other pressures so that the investigating officers can function impartially, independently and fearlessly by constituting the State Security Commission as recommended by the National Police Commission Volume VIII Chapter III, improving professionalism and efficiency of the investigating officers, etc. Once that is done it paves the way to repose trust and confidence in the investigating officers. This would justify suitably amending Sections 161 and 162 of the Code to enable the statements of witnesses recorded during investigation being treated on par with any previous statements and used for corroborating and contradicting the witness. Section 161(3) gives discretion to the police officer to reduce the statement of the witness into writing. The Law Commission in its 14th Report has observed that if the statement of a witness is not reduced in writing, the whole purpose of section 173 would be defeated by a negligent or dis-interested police officer. The Commission, therefore, recommended that the police officer should be obliged by law to reduce to writing the statement of every witness whom he has examined. This view was emphasized in the 37th Report of the Law Commission. It went on further to suggest that statement of every witness questioned by the police u/s 161 Cr.P.C. must be recorded, irrespective of whether he is proposed to be examined at the trial or not.
7.23.2 The Committee is of the view that the investigating officer should be mandated to reduce to writing the statements made to him in the narrative or questions and answers form. Section 163(3) should be suitably amended.
7.23.3 As per section 161 Cr.P.C., a witness is not mandated to accord his signatures on a statement made by him to the 10. This has often encouraged witnesses to turn hostile at the trial due to threats, fear or greed and giving a version different from the one given to the Investigating Officer. This happens as the witness has not signed his statement before the police. In the 41st Report, the Law Commission recommended that where the person can read the statement recorded by the police, his signature can be obtained after he has read the statement. The Law Commission also favoured sending the witnesses to the Magistrate for recording his statement on oath under section 164 Cr.P.C.
7.23.4 In the circumstances, the Committee is of the opinion that:
i) Section 161 Cr.P.C. should be amended to make it obligatory to record statements made by the witnesses during investigation in the narrative or in the question and answer form. The statement should be read over if admitted correct should be got signed by the witness;
ii) a copy of the statement should be immediately given to the witness.
iii) Section 162 of the Code should be amended so that the statement can be used both for corroboration and contradiction.
7.24 VIDEO/AUDIO RECORDING OF STATEMENTS OF WITNESSES, DYING
DECLARATION AND CONFESSIONS
7.24.1 Frequent changes in statements by the witnesses during the course of investigation and, more particularly, at the trial are really disturbing. This results in miscarriage of justice. Hence, modern science and technology should be harnessed in criminal investigation. Tape recording or video recording of statements of witnesses, dying declarations and confessions would be a meaningful and purposive step in this direction. Unfortunately, the existing law does not provide for it. It is understandable as these facilities did not exist at the time when the basic laws of the land were enacted. Now that these facilities are available to the investigating agency, they should be optimally utilised.
7.24.2 Section 32 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, provides that a police officer of the rank of Superintendent of Police may record a confessional statement of an accused either in writing or on a mechanical or electronic devices like cassettes, tapes or sound tracks from out of which sound or images can be reproduced. Such evidence has been rendered admissible at the trial. A similar provision exists in section 18 of the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999.
7.24.3 The Committee is of the view that the law should be amended to provide for audio or video recording of statements of witnesses, dying declarations and confessions etc. and about their admissibility in evidence. A beginning may be made to use these modern techniques at least in serious cases
7.25 FACILITIES FOR INTERROGATION
It can hardly be over emphasized that interview of witnesses and interrogation of suspects/accused should be done in a professional manner so as to elicit the truth. This is possible only when the Investigating Officer possesses professional competence, has adequate time at his disposal and the interview/interrogation is conducted in a proper ambience. The police stations in the country are generally small and located in crowded areas, particularly in the urban centres. Some of them are even operating out of tents. Neither the investigating officer nor the witnesses/suspects/accused have any privacy in this atmosphere. The Committee, therefore, feels that a room equipped with proper facilities such as video cameras, voice recorders etc. should be set apart in each police station for the purposes of interrogation/interview.
7.26 ARREST OF ACCUSED
7.26.1 Chapter 5 of Criminal Procedure Code deals with the arrest of a person. Section 41 of Cr.P.C. is the main section providing for situations when the police may arrest without warrant. Section 42 empowers a police officer to arrest a person who commits an offence in his presence or where such person has been accused of committing a non-cognizable offence, and he refuses to give his name and residence or gives false name or residence to the officer. Section 43 speaks of a situation where an arrest can be made by a private person. Section 44 deals with arrest by a Magistrate. Section 47 enables the police officer to enter a place if he has reason to believe that the person to be arrested has entered into that place or is within that place. Section 48 empowers the police officer to pursue offenders into any place in
7.26.2 Despite constitutional safeguards provided in Article 22 of the Constitution, there are often allegations of misuse of power of arrest by the police. At the same time, we are not unaware that crime rate is going up in the country for various reasons. Terrorism, drugs and organised crime have become so acute that special measures have become necessary to fight them not only at the national level but also at the international level. A fine balance, therefore, has to be struck between the interests of the society and the rights of the accused.
7.26.3 The National Police Commission in its 3rd Report, referring to the quality of arrest by the police in
7.26.4 Notwithstanding the above, the Commission took the view that the arrest of a person may be justified during the investigation of a cognizable case in one or other of the following circumstances:
(i) The case involves a grave offence like murder, dacoity, robbery, rape etc. and it is necessary to arrest the accused and bring his movements under restraint to infuse confidence among the terror stricken victims.
(ii) The accused is likely to abscond and evade the processes of law.
(iii) The accused is given to violent behavior and is likely to commit further offence, unless his movements are brought under restraint.
(iv) The accused is a habitual offender and unless kept in custody he is likely to commit similar offences again.
7.26.5 In
i) the persons unwillingness to identify himself so that a summon may be served upon him.
ii) the need to prevent the continuation or repetition of that offence.
iii) the need to protect the arrested person himself or other persons or property.
iv) the need to secure or preserve evidence of or related to that offence or to obtain such evidence from the suspect by questioning him.
v) the likeli-hood of the person failing to appear at Court to answer any charge made against him.
7.26.6 The Royal Commission also recommended the Ontario Scheme wherein the police officers issue Appearance Notice to the accused, whereupon the concerned persons are required to appear before the police, thereby obliterating the need of their arrest.
7.26.7 The Indian Penal Code divides offences into four categories,
namely;
a) non-cognizable and bailable;
b) cognizable and bailable;
c) cognizable and non bailable;
d) non cognizable and non bailable.
A police officer is empowered to arrest in category (ii) i.e. cognizable and bailable offences but this arrest is only a technical one and the arrested person is required to be released on bail as soon as he furnishes sureties. This power, therefore, is not open to much abuse. The real power of arrest lies in category (iii) offences i.e. cognizable and non bailable offences, which, it is alleged, is open to misuse. The number of such offences in the IPC is 57. (offences relating to the Army, Navy and Air Force), which are 23 in number and in which arrests are rarely made, are excluded only 34 offences remain in which the police is empowered to arrest and detain in custody. In view of the spiraling crime graph in the country and the menace posed by terrorism, organized crime and drug mafia, the Committee is of the view that power of arrest is necessary for dealing with serious crimes.
7.26.8 Power of arrest is often misused. The person arrested apart from suffering considerable inconvenience, also suffers by loss of his image in the society. Even if ultimately he is found to be innocent that damage done to the arrested person can not be undone. There is an erroneous impression in the minds of the police that the first thing for him to do is to arrest the suspected person even without making any inquiry. It may be necessary to arrest the person when the offence involved is fairly serious and the accused is likely to abscond or evade the process of law or there is reasonable apprehension of the accused committing offences or when he would be a serious threat to the victim, or witnesses, or is likely to tamper the evidence, or when it is necessary in the circumstances to restore a sense of security in the locality and similar other considerations as pointed out by the Law Commission in its 154th report.
7.26.9 In the opinion of the Committee no arrest shall be made by the police if 1) the punishment is fine only or 2) fine is an alternative punishment to imprisonment.
7.26.10 However a person suspected of being involved in, or accused of having committed an offence, shall be bound to give his name, address, and such other particulars on demand by a Police Officer, and if so called upon, shall be liable to appear in the Police Station on any date and time intimated to him by the Police Officer, and on his failure to do so, he shall be liable to be arrested by such officer, in order that his name, address or other particulars may be ascertained. Section 42 of the Code be amended by substituting the word any for the words of non-cognizable.
7.26.11 Bailable offences are now specified in the first schedule to the Code. Now that the Committee has recommended that no arrest shall be made in respect of certain offences consequential amendments shall be made in the column relating bailability. No modification is suggested regarding bailability of other offences specified in the schedule.
7.26.12 As the Committee has recommended removal of the distinction between cognizable and non-cognizable offence consequential amendments may be carried out. In the First Schedule, for the expression Cognizable the expression arrestable without warrant and for the expression non-cognizable the expression arrestable with warrant or order shall be substituted.
7.26.13 In the light of the anomaly pointed out by the committee in first schedule, the removal of the distinction between cognizable and non-cognizable offences and amendments regarding arrestability of offences the Committee suggests that the first schedule be amended providing columns for the following: –
i. Section
ii. Offence
iii. Punishment
iv. No arrest / arrestable with warrant or order / arrestable without warrant or order.
v. Bailable or non bailable
vi. Compoundable or non-compoundable
vii. By what court triable.
Consequential amendments shall be made to part-II of the first Schedule in respect of offences against other laws.
7.27 MECHANISM FOR COLLECTION OF CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE:
7.27.1 The present day crime situation in
7.27.2 While a structured system for collection and dissemination of political intelligence exists in the States and at the Central level, no such system, however, is in place as far as the criminal intelligence is concerned. This deficiency has definitely hampered the crime control effort and calls for immediate remedial action.
7.27.3 The Committee feels that concrete steps ought to be taken to institutionalize criminal intelligence system and recommends that:
i) An apex body at the national level headed by an officer the rank of DGP/IGP to be called the National Bureau on Criminal Intelligence should be set up. Its head office and permanent secretariat would be at
ii) A similar body may be set up at the State level. It may be headed by an IGP/DIGP level officer, responsible to the DGP through the head of the State Crime Branch. This agency would also have a computerised data base accessible to the national level body, its counter-parts in other States and all Districts. within the respective States.
iii) The State Governments/DGPs should set up Criminal Intelligence Cells in each District. An Additional SP level officer may head this Cell in each district on full time basis. The District MOB may be merged into this Cell. This Cell will collect information through the police stations as well as through its own staff and will have a computerized data base.
iv) A Criminal Intelligence Unit should be set up in each police station. It may consist of Core Intelligence Unit of 3 or 4 ASI/HC, well trained and motivated for the work and equipped with adequate transport and communication facilities.
7.27.4 The Committee feels that it would be useful to involve the public spirited and
politically neutral NGOs with record of moral rectitude and the Community
Liaison Groups or other such organisations by whatever name called in the collection of criminal intelligence at the police station and District. level.
7.28 CONSTITUTION OF SPECIALIZED UNITS AT THE STATE AND THE
DISTRICT LEVEL
7.28.1 In addition to the above, the Committee feels that specialized squads are necessary for investigating cases of murder, burglary, economic offences, forgery, robbery, dacoity, kidnapping for ransom and automobile thefts etc. The National Police Commission vide para 49.82 of its report had recommended constitution of such specialized teams. The Committee suggests the constitution of the following specialized squads at the State level:
(i) Homicide Squads;
(ii) Burglary Squads;
(iii) Economic Offences and Forgery Squads;
(iv) Robbery/Dacoity Squads;
(v) Kidnappping/Missing Persons Squads;
(vi) Automobile Thefts Squads;
(vii) Squads for tracking criminals.
7.28.2 The State Govts. must make available adequate manpower, mobility, equipment and other logistical support to these squads.
7.28.3 Teams of investigating officers should also be available with the Addl.SP (Crime) in each district. This has been dealt with in detail earlier.
7.28.4 Besides, the Committee feels that for better management of crime work, at least 2 Addl. Ss. P. should be exclusively ear-marked for this purpose in a District. One Addl. SP would deal with crime prevention, criminal intelligence, tracking of criminals, surveillance, collection of crime statistics and empirical studies etc. He will also carry out investigations specially entrusted to him. The second one would personally investigate heinous crimes occurring in the District. The Committee feels that these measures would result in improvement in detection percentage of the above class of cases, the quality of investigation would improve and higher rate of conviction would be secured.
7.29 USE OF EXPERTS IN INVESTIGATION
7.29.1 Investigation of crime is a highly specialized and complex matter, requiring a lot of expertise, patience and training. Given the complexity of crime, it is not possible for the police officers themselves to understand various facets of crime and conduct competent investigations all by themselves. They would need help of experts from various disciplines such as Auditing, Computer Sciences, Banking, Engineering, Revenue services and so on.
7.29.2 The Committee feels that a pool of competent officers from the above disciplines should be created at each Police Headquarters to render assistance in investigation of crimes all over the State. The State Governments may either second these officers from their parent departments to the Police Department; on a tenure basis or a cadre of such officers may be created in the Police Departments themselves.
7.30 COORDINATION AMONGST INVESTIGATORS, FORENSIC EXPERTS AND
PROSECUTORS
7.32.2 No case can succeed at the trial unless it is properly investigated and vigorously prosecuted. Forensic experts evidently play a key role both at the investigation stage as also at the prosecution stage. The investigators, forensic experts and prosecutors should act in cooperation with each other.
7.32.3 The mechanism of integration between the investigators and the forensic experts can be implemented at the following stages:-
i) initial investigation i.e., at the crimes scene level;
ii) search of the suspects, suspects premises and collection of physical evidence there-from;
iii) framing request for laboratory analysis;
iv) interpreting the analytical results of the laboratory;
v) evaluating the probative value of the result in accordance with prosecution needs;
vi) pre-trial discussion with the prosecutors;
vii) offering the testimony before the Court;
viii) prosecutors arguments on the case;
ix) review of effectiveness of forensic evidence as indicated in the judgment.
7.31 NEED FOR NEW POLICE ACT
7.31.1 Law is an important instrument for prevention and control of crime. The
Committee feels that for effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System, not only certain new laws need to be enacted but the deficiencies in the existing laws, which adversely affect investigation and prosecution of cases, need to be rectified. After a careful consideration of the matter, the Committee suggests the enactment of the following new laws:
7.31.2 The police system in the Country is functioning under the archaic Indian Police Act which was enacted in 1861 for the perpetuation of the
7.32 POLICE REMAND
7.32.1 (i) Section 167 (2) Cr. P. C., provides for a maximum of 15 days in police custody. It is not possible to fully investigate serious crimes having inter-state ramifications in this limited period. The law should be amended to provide for a maximum police custody remand of 30 days in respect of grave crimes where punishment is more than five years.
(ii) As per section 167 Cr.P.C., the accused is liable to be released on bail if the charge sheet is not filed against him within 90 days from the date of his arrest. It is not always possible to investigate a case comprehensively within this period particularly cases having inter- State or trans-national ramifications. This results in accused involved in grave crimes being enlarged on bail. It would be desirable if the law is amended to provide another 90 days to the investigating agencies in case of grave crimes if, on the report of the investigating officer, the court is satisfied that there are sufficient reasons for not filing the chargesheet within the initial period of 90 days.
(iii) Under Section 167(2) an accused cannot be taken on police custody remand after the expiry of first 15 days from the date of his arrest. This has emerged as a serious handicap in sensitive investigations. This issue was deliberated upon by the Law Commission of India which recommended in their 154 report that the law should be amended to enable the CBI to take the accused in the police custody remand even after the expiry of the first 15 days so long as the total police custody remand of the accused does not to exceed 15 days. In our view, such discrimination between the State Police and CBI would not be justified. The law, therefore, is required to be amended to on the lines permitted to C.B.I.
7.32.2 Many times accused are admitted in Hospitals during police custody on health grounds and stay there for several days. During this period interrogation of accused is not possible. Thus the police officer is handicapped in investigation. To overcome this difficulty a suitable provision be made in Section 167(2) to exclude the period of hospitalization or such other cause for computing the period available for police custody.
7.33 ANTICIPATORY BAIL
A Session Court or High Court is empowered to grant anticipatory bail u/s 438 Cr.P.C. irrespective of the fact whether it has the jurisdiction to hear the matter or not. Further, the law does not require the Public Prosecutor being heard, irrespective of the gravity of the offence. This provision has been often mis-used by rich and influential people. The Govt. of Uttar Pradesh has dispensed with this provision through a local amendment. After considering the pros and cons of the matter, we are of the view that the provision may continue subject to the following conditions:
(a) that the Public Prosecutor would be heard by the court; and
(b) that the petition for anticipatory bail should be heard only by the court of competent jurisdiction.
7.34 MISCELLANEOUS
7.34.1 The police often have to take into police custody the accused persons who are in the judicial custody of another judicial magistrate. The standard practice is to request the Executive Magistrate to issue the Production Warrant. Generally, the Executive Magistrate does issue the Production Warrant to be executed by the Jail Authorities where the criminal is lodged. Some Magistrates, however, decline to issue the Production Warrants on the ground that there is no specific provision in the Cr.P.C.. It is a fact that there is no express provision in the Cr.P.C. We, therefore, recommend that this ambiguity be removed and a clear provision incorporated in the Cr.P.C.
7.34.2 The police have to arrange Test Identification Parade for the identification of the accused by chance witnesses as also for the identification of the stolen property. This practice has been going on far decades, without there being an express statutory provision either in the Cr.P.C. or the Evidence Act. At present, such T.I. Parades are being brought within the ambit of Section 9 of the Evidence Act. But there is no prescribed procedure for holding the T.I. Parade. We recommend that an express provision should be made in the Cr.P.C. for arranging a T.I. Parade.
7.34.3 Several provisions in the Cr.PC., like Sections 93 to 95 and 100 deal with searches and they enjoin the police officers to call for independent and respectable inhabitants of the locality or of another locality if no such inhabitant of the said locality is available or willing to be a witness to search etc. There are also other provisions where presence of such witnesses is required in documents prepared by the police. Enactments like Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, Excise Act which contain a minimum sentence of imprisonment do not provide for the presence of witnesses from the locality or neighbourhood. The Committee therefore suggests that the investigation agency should be able tog secure the presence of independent witnesses in cases where such presence is required. This will totally do away with the witnesses of the localities reluctance to give evidence or becoming hostile etc. and the incorporation of the word independent witnesses will exclude the presence of stock witnesses which is a charge generally leveled against such witnesses by the defence.
THE INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT
7.35 Section 25 of the Indian Evidence Act provides that no confession made to a Police Officer shall be proved against a person accused of any offence. This bar applies to recording of confession by a police officer irrespective of his rank. This provision deprives the Investigating agency of valuable piece of valuable evidence in establishing the guilt of the accused. Confessions made before the Police have been made admissible in different parts of the World.
7.35.1 In
1. Section l2 of the Railway Protection Force Act, 1957;
2. Section 8 and 9 of the Railway Property Unlawful Possession Act, 1996;and
3. Section 108 of Customs Act, 1962;
4. Section 18 of TADA of 1987 (the Constitutionality of the same is upheld by the Supreme Court in KARTAR SINGH v STATE OF
5. Section 18 of the
6. Section 32 of POTA, 2002.
7.35.2 We may also point out that the Law Commission in its 48th Report had recommended that the confession recorded by a Superintendent of Police or a higher ranking Officer should be admissible in evidence subject to the condition that the accused is informed of his right to consult a legal practitioner.
7.35.3 The Committee has made several recommendations in this Report to improve the credibility of the investigating Police and to improve its efficiency and professionalism and insulate it from external pressures. These reforms would ensure that interrogation and criminal investigation would be done on a scientific basis and not by use of impermissible means such as third degree methods. Officers of the level of Superintendents of Police or higher level officers are entrusted under the laws referred to above to record confessions fairly and without subjecting the accused to duress or inducement. If the confession is audio/video recorded, it would lend further assurance that the accused was not subjected to any form of compulsion. It is not our case that the conviction should be based only on a confession. The confession should be considered by the courts along with other evidence.
7.35.4 Hence, we recommend that section 25 of the Evidence Act may be suitably substituted by a provision rendering admissible, the confessions made before a Police Officer of the rank of Superintendent of Police and above. Provision should also be made to enable audio/video recording.
7.36 IDENTIFICATION OF PRISONERS ACT, 1920
7.36.1 Section 4 and 5 or the Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920, empower a Magistrate to permit taking of finger prints, foot prints and photographs of a convict or of an accused arrested for an offence punishable with imprisonment of one year or more. There is no law binding the accused to give his specimen writings or blood samples for DNA finger printing. Similarly, under the existing law, an accused cannot be compelled to give the samples of his hair, saliva or semen etc. Sections 45 and 73 of the Evidence Act, are not comprehensive enough to admit of such samples being taken on Court orders. Due to be above lacunae, it is difficult to build up a strong case, based on forensic evidence, against the accused. In fact, section 27 of POTA, 2002 makes a specific provision in this regard. It is, therefore, essential that a specific provision is incorporated in the Cr.P.C. and the Evidence Act empowering a Magistrate to order an accused to give samples of hand writing, fingerprints, footprints, photographs, blood, saliva, semen, hair, voice etc, for purposes of scientific examination.
7.37 PHYSICAL SURVEILLANCE AND INTERCEPTION OF WIRE, ELECTRONIC
OR ORAL COMMUNICATION
7.35.6 Close watch over the movements of suspects/criminals by the police is an effective means of prevention and detection of crime. The police have been mounting surveillance over suspects/criminals for the above purpose.. The
7.35.7 The provision in Maharashtra Act has been recently struck down on the ground that the powers are vested only in the Centre. The Committee feels that adequate statutory provisions be made providing for electronic surveillance and interception in criminal cases.
7.38 SPREAD OF AWARENESS
7.38.1 Citizens who may have to participate in the Criminal Justice System as complainants/informants, victims, accused or witnesses are often not aware of their rights and obligations. They also do not know whom and how to approach and what to expect from them. Awareness of these matters will help the citizens to assert their rights and to protect themselves from unreasonable, arbitrary and corrupt officials. Therefore, the Committee recommends that rights and responsibilities of the complainants/informants, victims, accused and witnesses and the duties of the concerned officials be incorporated and annexed as Schedules to the Code. The Committee further recommends that leaflets incorporating the same in the regional languages of the respective States should be printed and made available free of cost to the citizens.
PUBLIC PROSECUTION
8.1 The investigation of a criminal case, however good and painstaking it may be, will be rendered fruitless, if the prosecution machinery is indifferent or inefficient. One of the well-known causes for the failure of a large number of prosecutions is the poor performance of the prosecution. In practice, the accused on whom the burden is little—he is not to prove his innocence— engages a very competent lawyer, while, the prosecution, on whom the burden is heavy to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt, is very often represented by persons of poor competence, and the natural outcome is that the defence succeeds in creating the reasonable doubt on the mind of the court.
8.2 Another important factor for the success of the prosecution is proper coordination between the prosecutor and the Investigating Officer without in any manner undermining the independence of the Prosecutor by making subordinate to the police hierarchy. It is to be pointed out that prior to the Code was amended in 1973, the prosecutors appearing in the courts of Magistrates were functioning under the control of the Police Department. Eminent advocates of proven merit were being appointed by the Government for a reasonable term, to function as Public Prosecutors in Sessions Courts. The Prosecutors in those days were giving advice on legal matters wherever necessary. The papers before filing in Courts would be scrutinized by the Prosecutor, and advice given wherever any deficiencies came to be noticed. Only after the rectification of the same, would the papers filed in Court. The Prosecutor would keep a close watch on the proceedings in the case, inform the jurisdictional police, and get the witnesses on dates of trial, refresh the memory of witnesses where necessary with reference to their police statements, and examine the witnesses, as far as possible at a stretch. In view of the close monitoring of the progress of trial witnesses turned hostile in very few cases and when they turned hostile they would be effectively cross-examined and exposed. This arrangement delivered reasonably good results.
8.3 The Law Commission of
8.4 In this context, it is also apt to refer to the judgment of the Supreme Court in S.B. Shahane and Ors Vs State of Maharashtra (AIR 1995 Supreme Court 1628) wherein it directed the Govt. of Maharashtra to constitute a separate Prosecution department having a cadre of Assistant Public Prosecutors and making this department directly responsible to the State Govt. for administrative and functional purposes, thereby totally severing the relationship between the police department and the prosecution wing. The law laid down by the apex court is applicable to other States also. The Law Commission of India in its 154 Report has pointed out that the control of police department on prosecutions is not permissible in view of the Supreme Court decision in S.B. Shahanes case.
8.5 It may be apt to refer to the British experience in this regard. Pursuant to the enactment of Prosecution of Offences Act, 1985, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions was constituted in
8.6 Separate Directorates of Prosecution have been functioning for quite some time in several States. However, it is a common complaint of the Police, particularly, those in charge of investigation, that there is no proper coordination between the Police and the Prosecution. The Prosecutors, being no longer under the control of the Police Department, are not taking sufficient interest in their work. The ground position regarding the prosecution arrangement varies from State to State. Presently, most of the States have a separate Directorate of Prosecution. Some States like Bihar,
8.7 A number of police officers represented to this Committee that the present system has led to a state of total lack of coordination resulting in the following consequences.
i. The conviction rate is falling;
ii. The disposal rate by the courts is falling;
iii. Legal advice at investigation stage is totally missing thereby adversely affecting the quality of investigations;
iv. There is no structured mechanism for Investigating Officers to interact with the Prosecutors in bail related matters and overall trial management; and
v. There is lack of review mechanism of the performance of the prosecution wing at the district level.
8.8 The issue was deliberated upon by the Committee on Police Reforms, headed Shri K. Padmnabhaiah, the former Union Home Secretary, which, inter alia, made the following two significant recommendations:
(i) In those States were there is no separate Directorate of Prosecution, steps should the taken to constitute such Directorate under the Stat Home Department and in posting a suitable IPS officer as Director General.
(ii) Home Departments of States must play a more active role in bringing about effective and continuous cooperation between the police and prosecution wings. We commend the orders issued by the Tamil Nadu Govt. constituting the Directorate of Prosecution for adoption by other States as a model.
8.9 The Administrative Reforms Commission, Rajasthan, headed by Shri Shiv Charan Mathur, former Chief Minister of Rajasthan, in its Eighth Report on the Police submitted in March, 2001, elaborately dealt with the issue and, inter alia, made the following observations:
i. The post of Director of Prosecution may be occupied by an IPS officer of IG rank. This will further strengthen coordination between police and the prosecution.
ii. The control, guidance and supervision of Director should extend to the prosecutors functioning at the Sessions Courts and Executive Magistrates Courts, Additional Public Prosecutors and Assistant Public Prosecutors Grade I and Grade II.
iii. It would be still better if the control of prosecution at the district level is vested in the Superintendent of Police on the U.P. pattern.
iv. If there is a legal hurdle in assigning this role to the SP, may be a new nomenclature could be coined for the SP; say SP cum Addl. Director (Prosecution), so as to facilitate transfer of the suggested role to him in his additional new capacity.
v. This would give the Superintendents of Police, a direct and regular institutionalized mechanism to supervise and monitor conviction in cases prepared by the police. Also the regular inter action would give the police officer a much better insight into the intricacies of laws and rules.
8.10 Several Police officers have suggested that on the above lines, a Senior Police Officer of the rank of DGP/IGP should head the Department as Director of Prosecution, who would be able to bring about proper co-ordination between the two wings, without in any manner, affecting the independence of the Prosecutors, which is essential for ensuring fairness in prosecution. The State Governments of UP and Orissa, have inserted the following proviso in sub-section (2) of section 25 Cr P C.
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be construed to prohibit the State Govt. from excising its control over assistant public prosecutor through police officers (UP Act No.16 of 1976).
8.11 It is pointed out that the above modifications have yielded good results, and have brought about better co-ordination between the two wings. There is no suggestion that these modifications have in any way eroded the independence of the Prosecution. However, the Committee feels that in order to ensure the independence of the Prosecution, the Director must function under the guidance of the Advocate General.
8.12 The Committee therefore suggests that a Police Officer of the rank of Director General may be appointed by the Govt. as the Director of Prosecution in consultation with the Advocate General. This should become a cadre post.
8.13 The duties of the Director inter alia, shall be to facilitate effective coordination among the investigating and prosecuting officers, to review the working of the Public Prosecutors, Additional Public Prosecutors and Assistant Public Prosecutors and the work of the investigators.
8.14 PUBLIC PROSECUTORS AND ASSISTANT PUBLIC PROSECUTORS
8.14.1 Though this arrangement may contribute to better co-ordination, it is not enough to improve the competence of the Prosecutors which needs special attention. In this connection, it may be pointed out that earlier, the Public Prosecutors appearing in serious cases before the Sessions Courts were being appointed from among very senior and competent Advocates on the recommendation of the District Judge and the District Magistrate, for a fixed term, say, 3 or 4 years.
8.14.2 According to Section 24(6) of the Code, if a regular cadre of Prosecuting Officer exists in the State, the appointment of Public Prosecutors or Assistant Public Prosecutors (at District Level) can be made only among persons constituting that cadre. However, where, in the opinion of the State Govt. no suitable person is available in such a cadre, Govt. may appoint a person as a Public Prosecutors or Assistant Public Prosecutors from the panel of names prepared by the District Magistrate (in consultation with the District Judge) of persons who in his opinion are fit to be appointed as Public Prosecutors.
8.14.3 It is brought to the notice of the Committee that in several States there is no cadre of Prosecuting Officers. Secondly Section 25 dealing with the appointment of Assistant Public Prosecutors does not lay down any specific guidelines. There is no specific reference to promotional opportunities becoming available to APPs.
8.14.4 So far as Assistant Public Prosecutors who appear before the Courts of Magistrates are concerned, they should be given intensive training, both theoretical and practical to improve their professional skills as prosecutors. Those already in service should be given periodical in-service training to update their knowledge.
8.14.5 As already some States have their own Directorates of Prosecution, which are not headed by Police Officers, the present recommendations relating to the choice devolving on a Police Officer of the rank of DGP should be taken up when the term of office of the existing incumbents is coming to an end.
8.14.6 When any cadre is constituted opportunities for promotion to some higher positions
should be provided to give proper incentive. The experience of prosecutors would be useful in other positions as well, such as in providing Training for Prosecutors as well as Police Officers. Creation of such ex-cadre posts for promotion in those departments will help to sustain the interest in work.
8.14.7 To ensure accountability, the Director may call for reports in any case where the case ends in acquittal, from the Prosecutor who conducted the case and the Superintendent of Police of the District to review the work of the prosecutor and the investigation.
8.14.8 The Committee feels that the new set up would be able to overcome the existing deficiencies in the working of the Prosecution wing, and the Investigation Wing would be able to get legal advice from experienced prosecutors, whenever such advice is necessary. The object is that technical and procedural lapses should not lead to delays and other adverse consequences.